Gaussian quadrature approximations in mixed hidden Markov models for longitudinal data: A simulation study

Mixed hidden Markov models represent an interesting tool for the analysis of longitudinal data. They allow to account for both time-constant and time-varying sources of unobserved heterogeneity,which are frequent in this kind of studies. Individual-specific latent features, which may be either constant or varying over time, are included in the linear predictor and lead to a general form of dependence between individual measurements. When a parametric (continuous) distribution is associated to time-constant random parameters, the estimation process requires the calculation of (multiple) integrals. These, generally, have not a closed form and should be numerically approximated. The aim is to compare the standard, the adaptive and the pseudo-adaptive Gaussian quadrature approximations by means of a large scale simulation study, where continuous and discrete responses with (conditional) density in the exponential family are considered. Simulation results show that the approximation error is often substantially reducedwhen the adaptive quadrature rules are considered in place of the standard one. Such an improvement comes at the cost of a higher computational complexity when the fully adaptive scheme is applied. It is shown that, when a sufficient number of repeatedmeasurements per unit is available, the pseudoadaptive quadrature represents a convenient compromise between quality of results and computational complexity. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.